托福阅读 考情
1.蒸汽时代的革命
2.农药应用带来的影响
3.engraving and woodblock
4.白垩纪物种大爆发
5.火药枪支发展史
6.Rocky communication
7.nile valley
8.小行星
9.The population and economy in sixteenth-century Europe
10.海底的甲烷拿到陆地使用的挑战
11.Painting in the Dutch Golden Age
部分词汇题：
consistency
more subtle
shrink
retain
without heed to
convincing
fairly
sophisticated
eventually
congregate
托福听力 考情
【第·一套】
C1：和传媒专业的教授确认课程作业拍摄的主题，学生研究了不同鸟类对气候变化适应的情况。
L1：艺术类，varnish的优缺点。
L2：天文台选址时需考虑的因素。包括科学因素和实际因素。
L3：土豆的起源以及传播，土豆如何影响战争。由于土豆生产力很高，导致大家对于土地争夺的欲望降低，而且农民可以种植土豆交更多的税。因此，土豆起到了促成和平的作用。
【第二套】
C1：学生和教授讨论表演的方式。
L1：地质学，日本板块运动的挤压。
L2：生物通过aggressive和defense的方式来保护领地，提到蜥蜴和野蜂的例子。
C2：提到篮球运动。
L3：修船造船，水下维修工作的困难可以通过一种特殊材料解决。
【第三套】
C1：涉及气候变化。
L1：大声朗读对阅读能力的提升作用
L2：戏剧中的自然主义运动，强调真实性和客观性，认为人物性格受到遗传和环境影响。
L3：和岛屿相关的某学说用在动物保护上。
【第四套】
L1：歌剧的歌词为什么很难理解。因为作曲的时候特定的高音会和某些元音匹配。还提到了人类发声的物理原理。举例：瓦格纳的戏剧使用了元音高音匹配，考虑了歌手演唱高音的清晰度，适合表达复杂剧情。
L2：神经美学。研究人的大脑如何感知艺术。当人看到美丽的东西，大脑中特定的领域会被激活。
L2：天文学，行星上有液态水的两个因素。第·一个因素是白矮星发出热量，导致绕着白矮星转的行星可能有液态水。第二个因素是宇宙中的暗物质，在行星内部碰撞，导致行星产生热量。
L3：Cretaceous period。
托福口语 考情
A卷
task1:
electronic books
口语真题第三册命中
Some people like reading on computers or on other devices, while some people like reading paper books. Which do you prefer and why?
task2:
Online Tutoring for Math Students
task3:
social responsiblility
task4:
animal's sleeping defence
B卷
Task1：
旅行时要不要做记录？
When traveling, some people like to keep a record of their experiences——for example, by keeping a journal or by taking pictures. Other people prefer not to keep such records when traveling. Which do you prefer and why?
Task2：
阅读：给学生exercise video
Students can fit in the class
Classes won't be too crowded
听力：女生同意
他们就可以有时间去干别的事, 瑜伽课例子
去gym的人非常多, 可以有别的option
task3:
Vertical Migration
垂直迁移是一种常见的海洋动物行为模式，主要表现为动物在白天停留在较深的水层休息，而在夜间上升到表层水域觅食。这种行为通常与光照变化和捕食者规避有关。许多浮游生物和小型鱼类都会进行这种昼夜性的垂直迁移，以充分利用不同水层的资源并减少被捕食的风险。
task4:
绩效工资的缺点
C卷
Task1：
朋友到访时，喜欢惊喜到访还是提前知会一声？
When a friend is coming to visit your place, do you prefer a surprise visit or to be informed ahead of time?
task2:
对教授的evaluation 应该被延后
听力同意：
1.学生在end of semester很忙
2.学期末可以给一个完整的评价
task3:
fundamental attribution error
task4:
alarm calls of animals
例子：鱼和鸟minow
托福写作 考情
A卷
【综合写作】
话题：湿地植物cypress trees的根有一部分露在地表，被称为knees，讨论它的作用
阅读：
1. absorb oxygen 吸收氧气；
2.保持树的稳定，使树不被风或水等破坏；
3. release methane 排出甲烷
听力一一反驳：
1. 根据科学家的实验，把knees放在装满氧气的容器(container)里经过一段时间后，氧气含量(content of oxygen)并没有变化，说明knees不是用来吸收氧气的
2. 用来保持树的稳定的根是垂直(vertical)的，而knees长在水平(horizontal)的根上，因此不具备保持稳定的功能(additional stability)；
3. 甲烷对植物虽然没有好处但并没有坏处，所以树没必要进化出一种feature去release这种没影响的气体；另外，树根上有许多微生物(tiny organisms)也可以排出甲烷，并不需要knees排出甲烷。
Dr. Achebe
This week, we discussed the importance of role models and opinion makers in society. One idea we discussed was the widespread impact of "influencers." Influencers are people who are very active posting on social media and who have many followers. Influencers' posts and opinions can influence their followers' choices on everything from fashion to politics. In your opinion, do social media influencers generally have a positive or negative effect on their followers? Why do you think so?
Kelly
I think the influencers' effect is generally positive. People can learn about the latest trends and topics in a very quick and efficient way by following influencers. In the past, people had to spend time looking through magazines or visiting boutiques to even know what was trending.
Paul
I think influencers generally have a negative effect because they have far too much influence. I can think of one influencer who only has to mention a particular kind of sports shoe, and the next day they'll be sold out. The followers aren't really thinking for themselves; they're just blindly following the influencers' choices.
B卷
【综合写作】
Why young animals play 阅读
提出了三个原因:
1.利用多余的能量（surplus energy）
2.生存训练（instinct-practice theory )，为以后捕猎（prey）做准备，例子是狼
3.培养社会关系（develop social bond with other members），例子是老鼠（rats）
听力一一反驳：
1.海洋生物小海豹（marine animal young seals）在等妈妈带食物回来前没有多少能量也会玩耍。
2.试验人员（researchers）做了实验，分两组cats，一组小时候训练狩猎游戏（hunt play），另一组不训练，结果长大后能力并没有什么区别。
3.观察表明老鼠在过了玩耍的年龄后，还可以培养社会关系（develop social relationship），所以这个能力并不是玩耍培养的。
Dr. Achebe
This week, we will be discussing space exploration. Some people think that it is a waste of money for governments to fund space exploration. Others disagree with this view arguing that space exploration is a valuable and necessary investment for our future. They think that it is worthy for governments to fund space exploration. I want to know what you think about this topic. Do you think that governments should fund space exploration? Why or why not?
Kelly
I don't think that governments should fund space exploration because it will be too costly to build spaceships and develop related technologies. Though space exploration tech costs billions, it doesn't offer direct benefits to most people, which makes its funding a controversial issue.
Andrew
Personally, I do think that all the costs will be worth it. The potential scientific discoveries and technological advancements could have far-reaching impacts that justify the initial investment. Imagine the new inventions that might come from this exploration. Such technology could greatly improve our everyday lives.
C卷
【综合写作】
金星上出现ashen light现象的三个原因。
阅读 ——
1. 紫外线的照射使氧原子变成氧分子，这个过程会产生黄光；
2. 闪电和暴风雨造成的；
3. 望远镜的问题造成的幻像。
听力 ——
1. 出现的是绿光，不是黄光;
2. 闪电常常发生在白天，晚上很少出现，但是黄光是在晚上出现的；
3. 观察者在不同的地方并且用不同机器都看到并且记录下来了，所以不是幻像。
【学术讨论】
Dr. Achebe：
We've been discussing the idea that human well-being is notnecessarily improved by ever-increasing production andconsumption of goods and services. Some people argue that humans already consume too many goods, from clothing to electronics to food: they believe that excessive consumption has created serious problems for humanity andeven the planet. Do you agree that excessive consumption-buying more than we truly need has become a serious problem? Why or why not?
Kelly:
I absolutely agree. We buy far more than we need, and that can't continue indefinitely. For years people haveused shopping as a form of recreation. The products bought on a whim are filling up landfills, and the energy expended producing the goods has created a global warming crisis. We should start gradually reducing consumption.
Andrew:
I disagree with the idea that overconsumption is a dramatic problem. l agree there is some overconsumption, but it happens mostly with wealthy people. l think in general almost everyone else already buys only what they need. In fact, many people around the world are not even able to obtain everything they need.
