1.文字的起源

2.植物的根

3.二氧化碳导致气温升高

4. 手工业增加就业

5. LA交通问题

6.Constraints on natural selection

词汇题：

gradual=slow

interval=period of time

advocate=promote

ample

mere=just

overall

prolific=abundant

Task1: 

小朋友们在课堂上通过那种play games的这种形式来学习，是不是一种浪费时间？Some people think that students learn better through the process of playing educational games in groups in the classroom. Others think that playing games is not a good use of classroom time. Which view do you agree with? Explain why. 

Task 2-4: 待补充

Task1: 老师面对面还是写feedback给学生？When giving feedbacks to students, some teachers would like to talk to their students in person while other teachers would give written comments to students. Which do you prefer and why?

Task2-4: 待补充

Task1: 学生智力是不是成功最重要的因素？Do you agree or disagree that the determining factor of a student's success in school is the amount of intelligence?

Task2: 

阅读： 学校计划Move the student theater performance to off campus in the downtown theater

1.downtown theater可以accommodate a larger number of audience

2.downtown theater有更多的advanced technology and facilities

听力： 男生反对

理由1. 大部分观众都是学生，对于学生来说在学校观看表演会比在市区看更方便。如果这样做的话将会有更少的学生去看表演。

理由2.操作设备的学生并不是well-trained，所以他们只会使用学校里的那些比较简单基础的设备。先进的设备对他们来说too complicated to handle。

Task3:

阅读： Overconfidence effect （过度自信效应）

对于有可能会失望的事情，有些人依然自信地去完成，这样会变成做别的事情的动力。

听力： 

教授的儿子毕业后很想进入newspaper office工作，但是这个岗位几百人投递只录用一个人。他很相信自己可以得到这份工作，努力拿到了很高的GPA和教授推荐信，并准备面试，但是结果这个岗位并没有录取他，他非常失望。但是他的努力没有白费，因为他优异的学习成绩，他很快得到了另外一份非常棒的工作。

Task 4: 

two functions of biofluorescence（生物荧光的两个功能）

1. to help them defense from predators

例子：有一种鲨鱼的鱼鳍上有这样发光功能，他们借此来告诉predators不要靠近，不然就会get hurt。

2. to help them kill bacteria

例子：catshark的背部有这样的物质可以帮助他们杀死细菌，以此来保持healthy。catshark住在sea floor的位置，环境比较困难，容易影响鲨鱼的健康。这样的物质可以保证他们在这种困难环境下survive。

阅读：

Phoenicians（腓尼基人）是否是大西洋岛屿的第·一批定居者

阅读：认为Phoenicians是第·一批定居者，提出三个原因

1.发现了一个洞穴，里面有宗教用品，比如stone altar和bowls， 与腓尼基风格相似

2.在洞穴中还发现了Phoenician coins （腓尼卡硬币）

3.Phoenicians以海上航行而闻名，所以对他们来说，长途跋涉到这个岛屿并不难

听力反驳：

1.没有足够的证据来证实在洞穴中发现的物品是仪式的宗教物品，所以不能证明洞穴是曾经Phoenicians用来宗教活动的地方

2.腓尼基人曾经去过葡萄牙的一个小镇，腓尼基硬币可能留在了那个小镇，阅读的作者把这两者搞混了

3.大西洋的洋流和海浪是向东移动的，当时的腓尼基人不可能向西航行到岛屿

【学术讨论】

Dr. Achebe 

In the next few weeks, we'll be talking about urban traffic management. Let's begin by discussing one popular idea--creating car-free central zones. Some cities around the world have recently designated their downtown  areas as being automobile-free, which means that vehicles are not allowed to enter the city centers. Do you think that more cities should make their central zones car-free？Why and why not?

Claire

I support the idea of establishing car-free central zones because this will result in one important benefit for city residents-it will be better for their health. Instead of driving everywhere, people will be encouraged to walk or cycle more. It would be a great way to incorporate exercise into people's routines. 

Paul

It sounds like a good idea, but I'm skeptical. My main concern is that many businesses located in the city centers, such as shops and restaurants, may suffer because the customers will no longer be able to reach those businesses by car. For some customers, if they can't drive, they won't go at all.

【综合写作】

阅读：beavers should not be released in England

1.Beavers use wood build dams，这样就会block the water flow

2.Beavers 会dig holes，然后使ground above腐烂，不利于farmland

3.Beavers’ teeth are so strong that they will burrow in trees and thus kill the trees

听力：releasing beavers的好处大于坏处

1.Beavers并不会在每条河流中build dams，很多build dams的河流是still的

2.Beavers通常在Long river中，通常long river水流很快，beavers可以slow down the water flow，这样对农田有利

3.把有些trees kill掉反而使vegetation多样化，因为部分树木挪调之后会使原本在树荫下的植物有更多的阳光，这样这些vegetation就可以长的更好，就会出现一个new ecosystem